California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Taylor v. City of Colton, E058348 (Cal. App. 2015):
"'Promissory estoppel is "a doctrine which employs equitable principles to satisfy the requirement that consideration must be given in exchange for the promise sought to be enforced."' [Citations.] The elements of promissory estoppel are (1) a clear promise, (2) reliance, (3) substantial detriment, and (4) damages 'measured by the extent of the obligation assumed and not performed.'" (Toscano v. Greene Music (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 685, 692.)
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