California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Portillo v. Lilval Props., Ltd., C071665 (Cal. App. 2014):
third person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise.' " (Toscano v. Greene Music (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 685, 692.) "The elements of promissory estoppel are (1) a clear promise, (2) reliance, (3) substantial detriment, and (4) damages 'measured by the extent of the obligation assumed and not performed.' " (Ibid.)
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