What is the test for determining whether a defendant can be held liable as an aider and abettor under the 'natural and probable consequences' doctrine?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Williams, 16 Cal.4th 635, 66 Cal.Rptr.2d 573, 941 P.2d 752 (Cal. 1997):
Our recent decision in People v. Prettyman (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d 827, 926 P.2d 1013 compels no different result. There we held that "when the prosecution relies on the 'natural and probable consequences' doctrine to hold a defendant liable as an aider and abettor, the trial court must, on its own initiative, identify and describe for the jury any target offense allegedly aided and abetted by the defendant."
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