What is the test for using an involuntary confession in a criminal case?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Alvarado, F072639 (Cal. App. 2018):
"The Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution and article 1, section 15 of the state Constitution bar the prosecution from using a defendant's involuntary confession." (People v. Massie (1998) 19 Cal.4th 550, 576; Jackson v. Denno (1964) 378 U.S. 368, 376.) "'A statement is involuntary if it is not the product of "'a rational
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