California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Williams, D057746 (Cal. App. 2012):
crime is naturally and probably caused by (i.e., is the natural and probable consequence of) the criminal act so encouraged, assisted, or influenced." (People v. Brigham (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 1039, 1052-1053.) Put another way, the natural and probable consequences doctrine "is based on the recognition that 'aiders and abettors should be responsible for the criminal harms they have naturally, probably and foreseeably put in motion.' " (Prettyman, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 260.)
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