What is the test for specific intent in a civil case?
MultiRegion, United States of America
The following excerpt is from L.F. v. City of Stockton, Consolidated case 2:17-cv-01648-KJM-DB (E.D. Cal. 2020):
9. As noted above, specific intent requires that plaintiff "show that [the officer] intended not only the force, but its unreasonableness, its character as more than necessary under the circumstances." Smith v. Cty. of Santa Cruz, No. 17-CV-05095-LHK, 2019 WL 2515841, at *14 (N.D. Cal. June 17, 2019) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).
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