The following excerpt is from Van Zandt v. Mbunda (In re Mbunda), 484 B.R. 344 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2012):
With respect to the second element, malicious injury, [a] malicious injury involves (1) a wrongful act, (2) done intentionally, (3) which necessarily causes injury, and (4) is done without just cause or excuse. Ormsby, 591 F.3d at 1207 (quoting Petralia v. Jercich (In re Jercich), 238 F.3d 1202, 1209 (9th Cir.2001)).
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