What is the test for making a restitution order de novo?

We review a district court's restitution order for abuse of discretion. See United States v. English, 92 F.3d 909, 916 (9th Cir.1996). We review the legality of a restitution order de novo, while the district court's underlying factual findings are reviewed for clear error. See United States v. Rice, 38 F.3d 1536, 1540 (9th Cir.1994).

The district court may order a defendant to make restitution to any victim of his offense. See 18 U.S.C. 3663(a)(1)(A) (1997). A victim is defined as "a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of an offense for which restitution may be ordered." 18 U.S.C. 3663(a)(2). Restitution is authorized "only for the loss caused by the specific conduct that is the basis of the offense of conviction." Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411, 413 (1990). The district court has broad discretion to determine the type and amount of evidence required to support an award of restitution. See United States v. Zink, 107 F.3d 716, 718 (9th Cir.1997).