What is the test for limiting cross-examination in a civil case?

The scope and extent of cross-examination is within the discretion of the trial court, and the court's limitation of cross-examination will not result in reversal unless it is clear that a defendant was thereby denied his constitutional right to confrontation. Smith v. Illinois, 390 U.S. 129, 132, 88 S.Ct. 748, 19 L.Ed.2d 956 (1968); United States v. Haili, 443 F.2d 1295, 1299 (9th Cir. 1971); Enciso v. United States, 370 F.2d 749 (9th Cir. 1967).

The court in its discretion may limit cross-examination in order to preclude repetitive questioning, upon determining that a particular subject has been exhausted, or to avoid extensive and time-wasting exploration of collateral matters. See, e.g., United States v. Zane, 495 F.2d 683, 695 (2d Cir. 1973); United States v. Miller, 463 F.2d 600 (1st Cir. 1972).