The following excerpt is from Cervantes v. Zimmerman, CONSOLIDATED ACTION: Case No. 17-cv-1230-BAS-NLS, CONSOLIDATED ACTION: Case No. 18-cv-1062-BAS-NLS (S.D. Cal. 2019):
matter of state law, a final policymaking authority whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of decision"; or (3) "by showing that an official with final policymaking authority either delegated that authority to, or ratified the decision of, a subordinate." Villegas v. Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass'n, 541 F.3d 950, 964 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Ulrich v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 308 F.3d 968, 984-85 (9th Cir. 2002)).
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