What is the test for establishing an official with final policymaking authority?
MultiRegion, United States of America
The following excerpt is from Cupp v. Harris, No. 2:16-cv-00523-TLN-KJN (E.D. Cal. 2018):
authority whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of decision'; or (3) 'by showing that an official with final policymaking authority either delegated that authority to, or ratified the decision of, a subordinate.'" Villegas v. Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass'n, 541 F.3d 950, 964 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Ulrich v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 308 F.3d 968, 984-85 (9th Cir. 2002)).
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