What is the test for establishing "immediate presence" in a violent assault case?

p. 222.) People v. Estes (1983) 147 Cal.App.3d 23, 27 (Estes), established the victim's presence after the taking was in progress would be sufficient to establish the "immediate presence" element. In that case, a department store security guard saw defendant shoplifting clothing inside the store and attempted to stop defendant after he left the store without paying for the items. (Id. at p. 26.) Defendant swung a knife at the security guard and threated to kill him. (Ibid.)