What is the test for discrimination in the context of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 2000e, et seq., prohibits employers, employment agencies, and labor unions from discriminating on the basis of, among other things, race or color. See 42 U.S.C. 2000e-2. Title VII prohibits both intentional discrimination (known as "disparate treatment") as well as, in some cases, practices that are not intended to discriminate but in fact have a disproportionately adverse effect on minorities (known as "disparate impact"). Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 577 (2009).