The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Bishop, 959 F.2d 820 (9th Cir. 1992):
"Aiding and abetting is implied in every federal indictment for a substantive offense." United States v. Armstrong, 909 F.2d 1238, 1241 (9th Cir.1990).
2 The prosecutor made this point in his closing argument stating:
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