What is the basis for a conviction for possession with intent to distribute narcotics?

A conviction for possession with intent to distribute narcotics may be based on: (1) co-conspirator liability; (2) aiding and abetting; or (3) exercising dominion and control over the contraband. See United States v. Sanchez-Mata, 925 F.2d 1166, 1168 (9th Cir.1991). Aiding and abetting makes a defendant a principal when he consciously shares in any criminal act whether or not there is a conspiracy. See id. at 1169. But it is necessary that the defendant in some sort associate himself with the venture, and that he participate in it as in something that he wishes to bring about. See id.