The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Spurrier, 930 F.2d 30 (9th Cir. 1991):
Moreover, given the close nexus between the purpose of the schemes and its desired effect--reducing or eliminating taxable income--there was sufficient circumstantial evidence for the jury to conclude that both defendants conspired to and did violate the law. Because there is no evidence to undermine the jury's verdict, we do not disturb it. 8 See United States v. Bagnariol, 665 F.2d 877, 889 (9th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 962 (1982).
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