The following excerpt is from Applegate v. Nkwocha, CASE No. 1:16-cv-00490-MJS (PC) (E.D. Cal. 2016):
Jn terms of the third prerequisite, filing a grievance is a protected action under the First Amendment. Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135, 1138 (9th Cir. 1989).
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