The following excerpt is from United States v. Engel, 968 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2020):
United States v. Mack , 362 F.3d 597, 599 (9th Cir. 2004) ; see also Badger v. Cardwell , 587 F.2d 968, 97173 (9th Cir. 1978) (affirming the removal of a pro se defendant from the courtroom after he engaged in "an increasingly heated dialogue" with the judge, "raised a clenched fist" at the judge, and "taunted the court to expel him").
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