What is the test for a jury to decide whether a defendant has been found to be a defendant in a federal civil case?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Martinez v. City of Schenectady, 115 F.3d 111 (2nd Cir. 1997):

United States v. Smith, 9 F.3d 1007, 1012 (2d Cir. 1993) (citations omitted) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2329, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)).

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