What is the test to prove the publication element of defamation?
British Columbia, Canada
The following excerpt is from Casses v. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2015 BCSC 2150 (CanLII):
To prove the publication element of defamation, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant has, by any act, conveyed defamatory meaning to a single third party who has received it. Traditionally, the form the defendant’s act takes and the manner in which it assists in causing the defamatory content to reach the third party are irrelevant. See Crookes v. Newton, at para. 16.
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