What are the elements of a claim in a defamation action?

British Columbia, Canada


The following excerpt is from Holden v Hanlon, 2019 BCSC 622 (CanLII):

Once these elements are established on a balance of probabilities, the law presumes the words are false and that the plaintiff has suffered damage: Grant v. Torstar Corp., 2009 SCC 61 [Grant].

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