Is membership of a "militia" sufficient for inference to be drawn that the applicant personally and knowingly participated in persecutorial acts?

Canada (Federal), Canada

The following excerpt is from Tchoumbou v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2008 FC 585 (CanLII):

The panel found that the “militia” to which the applicant belonged was an organization with a brutal purpose and that, therefore, mere membership in it was sufficient for an inference to be drawn that the applicant personally and knowingly participated in persecutorial acts (Ramirez v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), 1992 CanLII 8540 (FCA), [1992] 2 F.C. 306 [Ramirez]). In reaching this conclusion, the panel referred to the Larousse dictionary, which defines the term “militia” as follows: [translation] “a paramilitary organization which is a basic component of certain totalitarian parties or dictatorships”.

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