A person’s motive for publishing defamatory statements can only be inferred from what that person said, did or knew. In Horrocks v. Lowe, [1975] A.C. 135 at 149-150 (H.L.) [Horrocks], Lord Diplock stated: If it be proved that he did not believe that what he published was true this is generally conclusive evidence of express malice, for no sense of duty or desire to protect his own legitimate interests can justify a man in telling deliberate and injurious falsehoods about another, save in the exceptional case where a person may be under a duty to pass on, without endorsing, defamatory reports made by some other person.
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