The following excerpt is from Gonzalez v. City of Bakersfield, Case No.: 1:16-cv-0107 - JLT (E.D. Cal. 2018):
On the other hand, what is known to the officer at the time bears on the facts and circumstances of the event. Ruvalcaba v. City of Los Angeles, 64 F.3d 1323, 1328 (9th Cir. 1995).
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Thus, any evidence known to the officers is admissible but information not known to them is not.
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