In what circumstances will the error be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Ramirez, B228444 (Cal. App. 2012):
In Samaniego, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, because the jury necessarily found, under other instructions, the mental states for murder.6 (Samaniego, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 1165; see also People v. Gonzales (2011) 51 Cal.4th 894, 941, fn. 28.) As we see post, the same is true here, in both cases.
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