The following excerpt is from USA v. Amano, 229 F.3d 801 (9th Cir. 2000):
in the defendant's native language; whether the defendant appeared to understand those rights; whether the defendant had the assistance of a translator; whether the defendant's rights were explained painstakingly; and whether the defendant had experience with the American criminal justice system. See United States v. Garibay, 143 F.3d 534, 538 (9th Cir. 1998). The court in all cases must examine the totality of the circumstances. See id. at 536-37.
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