The following excerpt is from U.S. v. McDonald, 124 F.3d 214 (9th Cir. 1997):
We review de novo whether a plea was entered voluntarily. See Sharp, 941 F.2d at 815. "A plea which is coerced or induced by illicit promises is involuntary and void." See United States v. Zweber, 913 F.2d 705, 711 (9th Cir.1990); see also Iaea v. Sunn, 800 F.2d 861, 866 (9th Cir.1986).
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