The following excerpt is from Martinez v. City of Stockton, Cal., 12 F.3d 1107 (9th Cir. 1993):
A district court's grant of a directed verdict is reviewed de novo. McGonigle v. Combs, 988 F.2d 810, 816 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 113 S.Ct. 399 (1992).
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