The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Lewis, 979 F.2d 1372 (9th Cir. 1992):
"It is well established that a trial judge is more than a moderator or umpire." United States v. Mostella, 802 F.2d 358, 361 (9th Cir.1986) (citations omitted). Thus, it is entirely proper for a judge to elicit information in order to clarify evidence. See id. (A judge may "participate in the examination of witnesses for the purpose of clarifying the evidence....").
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