The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Taualii, 56 F.3d 75 (9th Cir. 1995):
A trial judge is more than an umpire, and may participate in the examination of witnesses to clarify evidence, confine counsel to evidentiary rulings, ensure the orderly presentation of evidence, and prevent undue repetition. A judge's participation justifies a new trial only if the record shows actual bias or leaves an unbiding impression that the jury perceived an appearance of advocacy or partiality.
United States v. Laurins, 857 F.2d 529, 537 (9th Cir. 1988) (internal citations omitted).
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