When a male probation officer observes a female probationer urinating in a bathroom stall during a urinalysis test, does this violate the probationer's right to privacy?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Ioane v. Hodges, 939 F.3d 945 (9th Cir. 2018):

Finally, the majority cites Sepulveda v. Ramirez , 967 F.2d 1413, 1416 (9th Cir. 1992). In Sepulveda , we held that a male probation officer violated a female probationers right to bodily privacy when the male probation officer observed the female probationer urinating in a bathroom stall during a urinalysis test. 967 F.2d at 1415. This is, without doubt, the most factually analogous case cited by the majority.

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