What is the "touchstone" of collective action in the context of Section 13(d)?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499 (2nd Cir. 2007):

Thus, "the touchstone of a group within the meaning of Section 13(d) is that the members combined in furtherance of a common objective." Wellman v. Dickinson, 682 F.2d 355, 363 (2d Cir.1982) ("Wellman"), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1069, 103 S.Ct. 1522, 75 L.Ed.2d 946 (1983). Although a common purpose to acquire control of the issuing company would be an indicium of collective action within the meaning of 13(d), it is not an essential.

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