California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Wagner, B282371 (Cal. App. 2018):
Courts consider the totality of circumstances in determining whether a confession was involuntary. (People v. Scott (2011) 52 Cal.4th 452, 480.) We accept the trial court's factual findings that are supported by substantial evidence, but we conduct an independent review as to the voluntariness of the confession. (Ibid.)
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