The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Christophe, 833 F.2d 1296 (9th Cir. 1987):
For reversible error on prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must establish: (1) the existence of prosecutorial misconduct; (2) that the issue was preserved for appeal; and (3) that defendant was prejudiced by the misconduct. United States v. Berry, 627 F.2d 193, 197 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1113, 101 S.Ct. 925, 66 L.Ed.2d 843 (1981).
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