What is the test for retaliation under the First Amendment?

To make out a claim of retaliation under the First Amendment, an inmate must establish "(1) that the speech or conduct at issue was protected, (2) that the defendant took adverse action against the [inmate], and (3) that there was a causal connection between the protected [conduct] and the adverse action." Holland v. Goord, 758 F.3d 215, 225 (2d Cir. 2014) (second alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted).