What is the test for qualified immunity under the doctrine of civil privilege?

was unlawful[.]" Tarabochia, 766 F.3d at 1125 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). At its base, "[t]he qualified immunity doctrine rests on a balance between, on the one hand, society's interest in promoting public officials' observance of citizens' constitutional rights and, on the other, society's interest in assuring that public officials carry out their duties and thereby advance the public good." Beier v. City of Lewiston, 354 F.3d 1058, 1071 (9th Cir. 2004).