The following excerpt is from City of Angoon v. Hodel, 836 F.2d 1245 (9th Cir. 1987):
7 Shee Atika suggests that "prima facie tort" has the following elements: (1) the infliction of intentional harm (2) resulting in damage (3) without excuse or justification (4) by acts or series of acts that would otherwise be lawful. See Avigliano v. Sumitomo Shoji America, Inc., 473 F.Supp. 506, 515 (S.D.N.Y.1979), aff'd, 638 F.2d 552 (2d Cir.1981), rev'd on other grounds, 457 U.S. 176, 102 S.Ct. 2374, 72 L.Ed.2d 765 (1982).
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