California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Arcega, 186 Cal.Rptr. 94, 32 Cal.3d 504, 651 P.2d 338 (Cal. 1982):
On the question of prejudice, two points seem relevant. Since the admission of this testimony violated appellant's Fifth Amendment rights, the question of prejudice here must be judged under the federal test. "[B]efore a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." (Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24, 87 S.Ct. at p. 828.)
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