What is the test for making an arrest for battery?

to make an arrest for battery, the issue is whether the "facts and circumstances within the officer's knowledge . . . [were] sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown, that the suspect . . . committed. . . an offense." Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 37 (1979). When making this probable cause determination, "[i]t is essential to avoid hindsight analysis, i.e., to consider additional facts that became known only after the arrest was made." John v. City of El Monte, 515 F.3d 936, 940 (9th Cir. 2007).