The following excerpt is from In re Banks, 225 BR 738 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1998):
8 To find fraud under 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must successfully demonstrate five elements: (1) The debtor must have made a representation; (2) at the time the representation was made the debtor must have known it was false; (3) it must have been made with the intention and purpose of deceiving the creditor; (4) the creditor must have relied on the representation; and (5) the creditor must have sustained damage because of that as a proximate cause. Lee-Benner v. Gergely (In re Gergely), 110 F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir. 1997).
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