What is the test for finding fraud under Section 523(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from In re Banks, 225 BR 738 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1998):

8 To find fraud under 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must successfully demonstrate five elements: (1) The debtor must have made a representation; (2) at the time the representation was made the debtor must have known it was false; (3) it must have been made with the intention and purpose of deceiving the creditor; (4) the creditor must have relied on the representation; and (5) the creditor must have sustained damage because of that as a proximate cause. Lee-Benner v. Gergely (In re Gergely), 110 F.3d 1448, 1453 (9th Cir. 1997).

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