The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Pace, 833 F.2d 1307 (9th Cir. 1987):
The trial court's decision whether to exclude or admit testimony of an undisclosed government witness under Rule 12.1(b) is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Portillo, 633 F.2d 1313, 1324 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1043, 101 S.Ct. 1764, 68 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981). The court did not abuse its discretion in
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