What is the test for every part of a statute?
California, United States of America
The following excerpt is from People v. Clayton, 280 Cal.Rptr.3d 735, 66 Cal.App.5th 145 (Cal. App. 2021):
that requires every part of a statute be presumed to have some effect and not be treated as meaningless unless absolutely necessary. Significance should be given, if possible, to every word of an act. [Citation.] Conversely, a construction that renders a word surplusage should be avoided. " ( People v. Arias (2008) 45 Cal.4th 169, 180, 85 Cal.Rptr.3d 1, 195 P.3d 103.)
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