What is the test for establishing a sufficient causal connection between an act of violence and injury?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from Williamson v. Yates, CASE NO. 1:11-cv-00155-GBC (PC) (E.D. Cal. 2011):

Id. "'The requisite causal connection can be established . . . by setting in motion a series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury.'" Id. (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743-744 (9th Cir. 1978)).

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