What is the test for dismissing an indictment based on the existence of an informant?

Dupard first argues that the informant's allegedly criminal acts constituted outrageous governmental conduct, which violated due process. He contends that this violation required dismissal of several indictments. We review de novo. United States v. Williams, 791 F.2d 1383, 1386 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 869 (1986). This argument does not survive review.