The following excerpt is from U.S. v. Walczak, 783 F.2d 852 (9th Cir. 1986):
Where necessary to the determination of constitutional rights, this court will make an independent examination of the facts, the findings, and the record so that it can determine for itself whether established constitutional criteria have been respected. United States v. Bates, 533 F.2d 466, 468 (9th Cir.1976).
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