What is the test for an allegation of intentional deception?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from High Fidelity Recordings, Inc. v. Audio Fidelity, Inc., 305 F.2d 86 (9th Cir. 1962):

5 This court, in National Van Lines v. Dean, supra, also said, giving foundation in law for the district court's Finding No. 11 which appellant here contends was erroneous, that:

"It is not essential to show intent to deceive in order to establish a case of unfair competition. But, if such an intent is shown, it raises a presumption that deception and confusion resulted. * * *" (237 F.2d at 692.)

What could be more intentional than that which is deliberate?

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