What is the test for an allegation of intent to promote, further or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members?

California, United States of America


The following excerpt is from The People v. Ortega, B221799, No. LA059839 (Cal. App. 2011):

specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any criminal conduct by gang members. (People v. Villalobos (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 310, 322.) Appellants challenge both prongs.

A. First Prong: In Association with or to Benefit a Gang

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