What is the test for "aiding and abetting" a crime?

We have held that "[a]iding and abetting means to assist the perpetrator of a crime. An abettor's criminal intent may be inferred from the attendant facts and circumstances and need not be established by direct evidence." United States v. Cloud, 872 F.2d 846, 850 (9th Cir.1989) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 110 S.Ct. 561 (1989). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that Touzie aided and knowingly joined the

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