What is the test for a three-judge panel to reject a prior opinion as having effectively overruled?

MultiRegion, United States of America

The following excerpt is from United States v. Pepe, 895 F.3d 679 (9th Cir. 2018):

to this principle. We have a rule that "where the reasoning or theory of our prior circuit authority is clearly irreconcilable with the reasoning or theory of intervening higher authority, a three-judge panel should consider itself bound by the later and controlling authority, and should reject the prior circuit opinion as having been effectively overruled." Miller v. Gammie , 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc).

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