What is the test for a retaliation action under Title VII?

Title VII prohibits adverse employment actions against an employee who has "opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter [(Title VII)]" or who has "made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter." 42 U.S.C. 2000e-3. The analysis of a retaliation case is similar to that of a discrimination case under Title VII, where the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation, then the employer must articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for its action, and the plaintiff must show that the employer's reason is a pretext. See Stegall v. Citadel Broadcasting Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1065 (9th Cir. 2003). To state a claim under Title VII, Plaintiff must show that he was is an individual employed by an employer. 42 U.S.C. 2000e(f); Kelley v. City of Albuquerque, 542 F.3d 802 (10th Cir. 2008).